Combination with the selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine (CAS 56296-78-7) significantly improved the situation. However, the potential 5-HT1A receptor- and 5-HT1B receptor-signals involved in the antidepressant effects are still unclear. The effects click here of 5-HT1A receptor- and 5-HT1B receptor signals were analyzed by using the mouse forced swimming test (FST), a predictive test of antidepressant-like action. The present results indicated that (1) fluoxetine (administrated intragastrically, 30 mg/kg; not subactive dose: 15 mg/kg) significantly reduced IFN-alpha-induced increase of the immobility time in the forced swimming test; (2) 5-HT1A receptor- and 5-HT1B

receptor ligands alone or in combination had no effects on IFN-alpha-induced increase of the immobility time in the FST; (3) surprisingly, WAY 100635 (5-HT1A receptor antagonist, 634908-75-1) and 8-OH-DPAT(5-HT1A receptor agonist, CAS 78950-78-4) markedly enhanced the antidepressant effect of fluoxetine at the subactive dose (15 mg/kg, i.g.) on the IFN-alpha-treated mice in the FST. Further investigations showed that fluoxetine combined LDN-193189 in vivo with WAY 100635 and 8-OH-DPAT failed to produce antidepressant effects in the FST. (4) Co-application of CGS 12066A (5-HT1B receptor agonist, CAS 109028-09-3) or GR 127935 (5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist, CAS 148642-42-6) with fluoxetine

had no synergistic effects on the IFN-alpha-induced increase of immobility time in FST. (5) Interestingly, co-administration of GR 127935, WAY 100635 and fluoxetine significantly reduced the IFN-alpha-induced increase in immobility SN-38 cost time of FST, being more effective than co-administration of WAY 100635 and fluoxetine. All results suggest that (1) compared to the 5-HT1B receptor, the 5-HT1A receptor signal plays the dominant role in improving the anti-immobility effect

of fluoxetine in the IFN-alpha-induced depression; (2) combination of the 5-HT(1)A antagonist with subactive fluoxetine can be helpful in IFN-alpha-induced depression treatment.”
“Background: Donepezil hydrochloride (CAS 120014-06-4) is a piperidine-based reversible inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). It is postualted to exert its therapeutic effect by enchancing cholinergic function. This accomplished by increasing the concentration of acetylcholine (ACh) through reversible inhibition of its hydrolysis by AChE.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the bioequivalence of a new donepezil 10 mg formulation (test formulation) vs. the reference product, as required by European regulatory authorities for the marketing of a generic product. Additionally, the applicability of the truncated area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) approach to this drug and under these test conditions was determined.

Seroprevalence of leptospirosis was lowest for dogs > 10 years of age but was similar across other age strata.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Leptospirosis can affect dogs of small and large

breeds and various ages. Although an increase HSP inhibitor review in proportions of positive MAT results was evident in the fall, monthly and annual variations suggested potential exposure in all months. Because of the limitations of MAT results and the limited number of serovars used in the test, bacterial culture should be used to identify infective Leptospira serovars. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010;237:293-298)”
“Case Description-A 15-kg (33-lb) pregnant female mixed-breed dog of unknown age was referred because of a 10-day history of difficulty breathing.

Clinical

Findings-Physical examination findings were dyspnea, tachypnea, decreased bronchovesicular sounds (bilateral), muffled heart sounds, and abdominal distention with palpable fetuses. Hematologic abnormalities selleck products included anemia, leukocytosis, and thrombocytosis. Abnormalities detected during serum biochemical analysis included decreases in concentrations of albumin, sodium, triglycerides, and total calcium and increases in activities of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase. Thoracic radiography revealed a diaphragmatic hernia with fetuses and a soft tissue or fluid opacity within the thoracic cavity.

Treatment Apoptosis inhibitor and Outcome-Exploratory celiotomy, ovariohysterectomy, partial sternotomy, placement of a right-sided

thoracostomy tube, and herniorrhaphy were performed. After surgery, pneumothorax developed, and the thoracostomy tube was used to remove pleural effusion and free air. The pneumothorax did not resolve after continuous drainage of the thoracic cavity for 4 days. Autologous blood pleurodesis was performed by infusion of 80 mL (6 mL/kg [2.73 mL/lb]) of whole blood. The pneumothorax resolved immediately after injection of the blood.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Blood pleurodesis was used for resolution of pneumothorax in a dog after correction of a diaphragmatic hernia. Blood pleurodesis may provide a simple, safe, and inexpensive medical treatment for resolution of persistent (duration > 5 days) pneumothorax when surgery is not an option. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010;237:299-303)”
“Objective: To determine the impact of telephone medication therapy management (MTM) on medication- and health-related problems (MHRPs), medication adherence, and total drug costs for Medicare Part D participants.

Design: Quasiexperimental.

Setting: Regional Medicare Part D plan in Texas in 2007.

Participants: Medicare Part D beneficiaries who were MTM eligible.

Intervention: Pharmacist-provided telephone MTM consultation.

Main outcome measures: Change in MHRPs, medication adherence, and total drug costs from baseline to 12-month follow-up.

In simultaneous exposures of H4IIE-luc cells to DOM (17 mg L(-1)) and each of the model compounds, 2,3,7,8-TCDD, PCB126, PCB169, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, fluoranthene, a mixture of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), a mixture learn more of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and a mixture of all HOCs, either significant additive or facilitative effects were observed when compared to activities of single HOCs. No significant decrease of effects due to possible sorption of HOCs to DOM was observed, even in subsequent experiments when HOCs

+ DOM mixtures were preincubated for six days before exposure to H4IIE-luc. Thus, DOM does not seem to protect organisms against AhR-mediated toxic effects of HOCs (as usually predicted due to sorption of HOCs on DOM), but it can actually enhance their potency for AhR-mediated effects in some situations. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Cystic fibrosis GSK461364 manufacturer transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) represents the main cAMP-activated Cl- channel expressed in the apical membrane of serous epithelial cells. Both deficiency and overactivation

of CFTR may cause fluid and salt secretion related diseases. The aim of this study was to identify natural compounds that are able to stimulate wild-type (wt) and F508 mutant CFTR channel activities in CFTR-expressing Fischer rat thyroid (FRT) cells.

We found that dehydrocostuslactone [DHC, (3aS, 6aR, 9aR, 9bS)-decahydro-3,6,9-tris (methylene) azuleno [4,5-b] furan-2(3H)-one)] dose dependently potentiates both wt and F508 mutant CFTR-mediated iodide influx in cell-based fluorescent assays and CFTR-mediated Cl- currents in short-circuit current studies, and the activations could be reversed by the CFTR inhibitor CFTRinh-172. Maximal CFTR-mediated apical Cl- current secretion in CFTR-expressing FRT cells was stimulated by 100M DHC. Determination of intracellular cAMP Z-VAD-FMK order content showed that DHC modestly but significantly increased cAMP level in FRT cells, but cAMP elevation effects contributed little to DHC-stimulated iodide influx. DHC also stimulated CFTR-mediated apical Cl- current secretion in FRT cells expressing F508-CFTR. Subsequent studies demonstrated that activation of CFTR by DHC is forskolin dependent. DHC represents a new class of CFTR potentiators that may have therapeutic potential in CFTR-related diseases.”
“Objective-To determine clinical outcome of permanent tracheostomy in cats with upper airway obstruction.

Design-Retrospective case series.

Animals-21 cats.

Procedures-Medical records were reviewed for information on history, signalment, clinical signs, results of preoperative clinicopathologic testing, cause of upper airway obstruction, surgical procedure, postoperative complications, and outcome.

This showed that platelet counts and BUN level were significant factors (Platelet; p = 0.042, BUN; p = 0.043 ANOVA with resolving group). Conclusions. BYL719 in vitro Nafamostat mesylate has a similar profile of anti-coagulative activity to heparin. It is assumed, however, that nafamostat has an affirmative effect on the recovery of damaged sites following the onset of cerebral hemorrhage. It is an anti-coagulant that can be safely used for hemodialysis following the onset of cerebral hemorrhage.”
“The partial

hydrogenation of benzene by a Pt nano-cluster/N-n-propyl chitosan hybrid membrane was investigated in this article. Monodispersed Pt nano-clusters were prepared by the reduction of H(2)PtCl(6) with ethylene glycol under microwave conditions. TEM, FTIR, XRD, (1)H-NMR, and XPS were used to characterize the structure of Pt nano-particles, N-n-propyl chitosan and Pt/N-n-propyl chitosan hybrid membrane, respectively. Experimental results showed that Pt/N-n-propyl chitosan hybrid membrane catalyst gave a high selectivity for cyclohexene of 85.2% in the liquid phase hydrogenation of benzene, while the selectivity of cyclohexene was only 58.2% over the Pt/chitosan hybrid membrane catalyst. It was worth noting that there was no cyclohexene in the product when the catalyst was only Pt nano-particles without chitosan hybrid membrane. So the chitosan or

modified-chitosan membranes PFTα mw played an important role in the controlling to the hydrogenation of benzene, and the relationship of the swelling degree and the catalytic activity was discussed in detail. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 2140-2146, 2012″
“Phosphatidylserine (PS) has many important biological roles, but little is known about its role in plants, partly because of its low abundance. We show here that PS is enriched

in Arabidopsis floral buy BB-94 tissues and that genetic disruption of PS biosynthesis decreased heterozygote fertility due to inhibition of pollen maturation. At1g15110, designated PSS1, encodes a base-exchange-type PS synthase. Escherichia coli cells expressing PSS1 accumulated PS in the presence of L-serine at 23 degrees C. Promoter-GUS assays showed PSS1 expression in developing anther pollen and tapetum. A few seeds with pss1-1 and pss1-2 knockout alleles escaped embryonic lethality but developed into sterile dwarf mutant plants. These plants contained no PS, verifying that PSS1 is essential for PS biosynthesis. Reciprocal crossing revealed reduced pss1 transmission via male gametophytes, predicting a rate of 61.6% pss1-1 pollen defects in PSS1/pss1-1 plants. Alexander’s staining of inseparable qrt1-1 PSS1/pss1-1 quartets revealed a rate of 42% having three or four dead pollen grains, suggesting sporophytic pss1-1 cell death effects. Analysis with the nuclear stain 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) showed that all tetrads from PSS1/pss1-1 anthers retain their nuclei, whereas unicellular microspores were sometimes anucleate.

Partial parotidectomy was adequate for most tumors, including pleomorphic adenoma. The QNZ clinical trial most common postoperative complication was temporary facial palsy, followed by permanent facial palsy. However, there was no difference in transient facial palsy rate between benign and malignant parotid gland disease, although parotid gland cancer had a higher incidence of permanent facial palsy postoperatively.”
“The silence about population growth in recent decades has hindered the ability of those concerned with ecological change,

resource scarcity, health and educational systems, national security, and other global challenges to look with maximum objectivity at the problems they confront. Two central questions about population-(i) is population growth a problem? and (2) what causes fertility decline?-are often intertwined; if people think the second question implies possible coercion,

or fear of upsetting cultures, they can be reluctant to talk about the first. The classic and economic theories explaining the demographic transition assume that couples want many children and they make decisions to have a smaller family when some socio-economic change occurs. However, there are numerous anomalies to this explanation. This paper suggests JNK-IN-8 inhibitor that the societal changes are neither necessary nor sufficient for family size to fall. Many barriers of non-evidence-based restrictive medical rules, cost, misinformation and social traditions exist between

women and the fertility Staurosporine cell line regulation methods and correct information they need to manage their family size. When these barriers are reduced, birth rates tend to decline. Many of the barriers reflect a patriarchal desire to control women, which can be largely explained by evolutionary biology. The theoretical explanations of fertility should (i) attach more weight to the many barriers to voluntary fertility regulation, (ii) recognize that a latent desire to control fertility may be far more prevalent among women than previously understood, and (iii) appreciate that women implicitly and rationally make benefit-cost analyses based on the information they have, wanting modern family planning only after they understand it is a safe option. Once it is understood that fertility can be lowered by purely voluntary means, comfort with talking about the population factor in development will rise.”
“The outer mitochondrial membrane is particularly rich in phosphatidylinositol (Ptdlns), a phospholipid found in different amounts in all eukaryotic membranes, but not synthesized in situ by all. PtdIns is therefore subjected to traffic from the synthesizing membranes to the non-synthesizing ones.

The overall revision rates in the original series of 118 knees were 12% in the nonresurfacing group and 9% in the resurfacing group. Seven patients (12%) in the nonresurfacing group and

two patients (3%) in the resurfacing group underwent revision for a reason related to a patellofemoral problem. On the basis of these findings, we concluded that, with the type of total knee arthroplasty used in our patients, similar results may be achieved with and without patellar resurfacing.”
“Two new triterpenoid saponins, ilemaminosides A and B (1 and 2) along with six known saponins (3-8) were isolated from 70% ethanolic extract of the leaves of Ilex mamillata C.Y. Wu ex C.J. Tseng. The new saponins were characterised BMS-777607 as 3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-ilexgenin B (1) and 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 3)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-ilexgenin B (2). The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of the chemical and spectroscopic methods, and the structures of known compounds were identified by comparison of their spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature. The compounds showed inhibitory activities in anti-inflammatory assay in vitro with IC50 values in the range 25.37-38.33 mu gmL(-1).”
“Gradenigo’s

syndrome is a rare but life threatening complication of acute otitis media (AOM), which includes a classic triad of otitis media, deep facial HIF-1 pathway pain and ipsilateral abducens nerve paralysis. The incidence of Fusobacterium necrophorum infections has increased in recent years. We describe two cases of Gradenigo’s syndrome caused by F. necrophorum. Additional four cases were identified in a review of the literature. Gradenigo’s syndrome as well as other neurologic complications should be considered in cases of complicated acute otitis media. F. necrophorum

should be empirically treated while awaiting culture results. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: EVP4593 manufacturer The increased risk for venous thromboembolic events following spinal trauma is well established. The purpose of the present study was to examine the literature in order to determine the optimum thromboprophylaxis regimen for patients with acute spinal injuries with or without spinal cord injury.

Methods: EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases were searched from the earliest available date to April 2008 for clinical trials comparing different methods of thromboprophylaxis in adult patients following acute spinal injuries (with or without spinal cord injury). Outcome measures included the prevalences of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and treatment-related adverse events.

Results: The search yielded 489 studies, but only twenty-one of them fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of deep-vein thrombosis was significantly lower in patients without spinal cord injury as compared with patients with spinal cord injury (odds ratio = 6.0; 95% confidence interval = 2.9 to 12.7).

Resolution 321 (A-08) set in motion a process that would bring together a diverse group of stakeholders for the purpose of discussing the present buy GSK923295 and future status of pain care; a process that culminated in a broad-based coalition of physicians and organizations dedicated to improving pain care, the first National Pain

Medicine Summit.

The process began with the adoption of Resolution 321 (A-08) at an AMA Annual House of Delegates meeting in June 2008. Resolution 321 (A-08) states, in part, that “”. . . the AMA encourages relevant specialties to collaborate in studying: 1) the scope and practice and body of knowledge encompassed by the field of Pain Medicine; 2) the adequacy of undergraduate, graduate, and post graduate education in the principles and practices of the field of Pain Medicine, considering the current and anticipated medical need for the delivery of quality pain care; and 3) appropriate training and credentialing criteria for this multi-disciplinary field of medical practice.”"

The next step was delegating the responsibility for implementing Resolution 321 (A-08) to the Pain and Palliative Medicine Specialty Section Council (PPMSSC). The PPMSSC, under the direction of its chairman, Philipp M. Lippe, MD, FACS,

assumed responsibility in November 2008 for identifying a process that would achieve the goals established by Resolution 321 (A-08).

The PPMSSC in turn established an Advisory Committee, charged with strategic planning, selleck inhibitor and an Implementation https://www.selleckchem.com/products/elafibranor.html Committee, charged with tactical operations. The two groups began work immediately.

The process included three distinct phases centered on a Pain Medicine Summit. Phase One involved a modified Delphi process identifying the five most pressing and relevant themes in pain care. Phase Two consisted of the Pain Medicine

Summit itself, including a gathering of representatives from across the pain care spectrum to address the previously identified five most pressing themes. Phase Three was the preparation of this report, which describes the conclusions drawn and recommendations developed by the attendees at the Pain Medicine Summit.

Based on a recommendation from the Advisory Committee, the PPMSSC decided to retain the services of a consulting firm to help the PPMSSC implement the Pain Medicine Summit process. In August 2009, PPMSSC selected Grey Matters, a New York-based advisory firm. The PPMSSC also appointed a Steering Committee to assist Grey Matters and to coordinate all activities. The Committee consisted of Charles Brock, MD; Ronald Crossno, MD; Jose David, MD; Michel Dubois, MD; Albert Ray, MD; and Philipp M. Lippe, MD, FACS (chair).

The consulting firm, Grey Matters, proposed a multi-phasic process in order to facilitate the implementation of the Pain Medicine Summit and to ensure a coordinated, efficient, and productive outcome.

Numerous connections exist between proteins genetically linked to autosomal dominant PD, in particular a-synuclein and LRRK2, and autophagic pathways. However, proteins involved in recessive PD, such as PINK1 and Parkin (PINK2), function in the process of mitophagy, whereby damaged mitochondria are selectively engulfed by macroautophagy. This wealth of new data suggests that both autophagic pathways are potential targets for therapeutic intervention in PD and other related neurodegenerative conditions.”
“While kidney transplantation is the most cost-effective treatment available for end-stage

renal disease (ESRD) and affords patients with the best quality of life, the current supply of kidneys does not meet the demand. A potential solution

to increasing the supply is to compensate living donors for a kidney. The purpose of this study Bucladesine cell line was to describe ESRD patient willingness to pay for a kidney. Using a self-administered survey, 107 patients in 31 U.S. states completed the survey. The quantitative method and descriptive survey design employed descriptive, correlational, nonparametric and multivariate statistical tests to evaluate the data. Of participants, 78.5% were willing to pay for a kidney; there were significant correlations between gender, health status, household income, preferred source of a kidney and SIS3 willingness to pay. Men, patients with poor and fair health status and those with household incomes >=$50 000 were more willing to pay. Step-wise regression analysis found price and doctor’s influence accounting for 52% of variance in willingness to pay. As price increased and doctor’s opinion mattered, willingness to pay increased. This study supports development of additional studies with larger sample sizes and patients on kidney transplant waiting lists.”
“Introduction and hypothesis The aim of the study was to investigate the variability

of bony pelvis architecture from the viewpoint of transobturator sling placement.

Methods The pelvimetry was performed on 122 women who underwent pelvic computed tomography. Measurements included: the distance between the interobturator foramina line and inferior pubic symphysis (IF-PS distance) as well as pubic GDC-0973 molecular weight arch angle, pubic ramus width, and pubic symphysis length.

Results The length of the IF-PS distance varied between 7.4 and 26.9 mm (mean 15.2+4.3 mm, median 14.2 mm). The distribution of measurements was asymmetrical with a tilt of the values towards shorter distances. In 11.5% of women, the IF-PS distance was longer than 20 mm. The IF-PS distance correlated with the pubic ramus width (r=0.37, p<0.0001) and pubic arch angle (r=-0.22, p=0.017).

Conclusion The IF-PS distance varies considerably in the general population of women.

On the other hand, deep insights into miRNA precursor processing, and miRNA- or miRNA*-mediated self-regulation of their host precursors could be gained from high-throughput degradome sequencing data, based on the general framework of miRNA generation in plants. Here, the focus is on the recent research progress

on this issue, and several interesting points were raised.”
“This paper presents results on a new class of curved plasma actuators for the inducement of three-dimensional vortical structures. The nature of the fluid check details flow inducement on a flat plate, in quiescent conditions, due to four different shapes of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuators is numerically investigated. The three-dimensional plasma kinetic equations are solved using our in-house, finite element based, multiscale ionized gas (MIG) flow code. Numerical results show electron temperature and three dimensional plasma force vectors for four shapes, which include linear, triangular, serpentine, and square actuators. Three-dimensional effects such as pinching and spreading the neighboring fluid are observed for serpentine and square actuators. The

GS-7977 datasheet mechanisms of vorticity generation for DBD actuators are discussed. Also the influence of geometric wavelength (lambda) and amplitude (Lambda) of the serpentine and square actuators on vectored thrust inducement is predicted. This results in these actuators producing significantly better flow mixing downstream as compared to the standard linear actuator. Increasing the wavelengths of serpentine and square

actuators in the spanwise direction is shown to enhance the pinching effect giving a much higher vertical velocity. On the contrary, changing the amplitude of the curved actuator varies the streamwise velocity significantly influencing the near wall jet. Experimental data for a serpentine actuator are also reported for validation purpose. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3580332]“
“Tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world and represents an important source of antioxidants mainly catechins that confer beneficial effects in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, age-related learn more disorders or cancer. In the central nervous system, oxidative stress caused by increased production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species represents an important mechanism for neuronal dysfunction and cell loss in different neurodegenerative disorders. The neuroprotective effects of green-tea-derived polyphenols have extensively been demonstrated in different models of neurotoxicity. However, few data have been reported on the antioxidant activity of white tea extracts in the nervous system. In the present study, we demonstrate that white tea extracts protect striatal cell lines against oxidative stress-mediated cell death.

After 55 days, important digestive enzymes were assayed For immunological study, ABT-263 ic50 lysozyme, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) levels were measured Then the fish were kept for one Month Without radiation

and lysozyme level was measured

Results: Protein concentration varied directly with the duration of exposure and was highest among fish that had received the 15 min UV-B irradiation Significantly higher amylase, protease, try sin and chymotrypsin activities were found in 5 min exposed fish compared to others Lysozyme level was significantly higher in control group compared to the UV-B treated fish. The lysozyme level decreased with the increasing duration of UV-B radiation

When fish were kept without UV-B radiation for one month, lysozyme level was brought to the normal level in all treatments, except 15 min exposed fish The GOT and GPT levels were significantly higher in the 15 min exposed group than others

Conclusions: The effects of UV-B radiation on the digestive physiology and immune system of catla have been clearly observed in the present study The decreased enzyme activities in UV-B radiated fish results into improper digestion and poor growth”
“Interstitial cystitis is a multifaceted medical condition consisting of pelvic pain, urgency, and frequency. Can sacral neuromodulation be successfully utilized for the medium term of a parts per thousand yen6 years in interstitial cystitis patients for whom standard drug therapies have failed?

In our observational, retrospective, case-controlled review (January 2002-March 2004), we sought to discern Cell Cycle inhibitor whether neuromodulation could be successfully implemented with acceptable morbidity rates in interstitial cystitis patients. Thirty-four female patients underwent stage 1 and 2 InterStim placements

under a general anesthetic. Simple means and medians were analyzed.

Mean pre-op/post-op pelvic pain and urgency/frequency scores were 21.61 +/- 8.6/9.22 +/- 6.6 (p < 0.01), and mean pre-op/post-op visual analog pain scale (VAPS) this website were 6.5 +/- 2.9/2.4 +/- 1.1 (p < 0.01). Median age was 41 +/- 14.8 years with a mean follow-up of 86 +/- 9.8 months.

With a minimum 6-year follow-up we determined that sacral neuromodulation provides adequate improvement for the symptoms of recalcitrant interstitial cystitis.”
“The oxidation state of Mn in cubic SrMnO3 and orthorhombic SrMnO2.5 was investigated by electron energy loss (EEL) spectroscopy. Change in the oxidation state of Mn produced some spectral changes in the O-K edge as well as in the Mn-L-2,L-3 edge EEL spectra. This study demonstrated that the oxidation state of Mn and the amount of oxygen vacancies in cubic SrMnO3 and orthorhombic SrMnO2.5 could be quantified by analyzing the features of the O-K edge spectrum and the Mn L-3/L-2 ratio in the Mn-L-2,L-3 edge spectrum.