Here, we developed a new behavioral task that examines memory for the order of sequential nonspatial events presented as trial-unique odor pairings. When the interval between odors within a studied pair was brief (3 sec), bilateral dorsal CA3 lesions severely disrupted memory for their order, whereas dorsal CA1 lesions did not affect performance. However, when the inter-item interval was extended to 10 sec, CA1 VX-680 supplier lesions, as well as CA3 lesions, severely disrupted

performance. These findings suggest that the role of CA3 in sequence memory is not limited to spatial information, but rather appears to be a fundamental property of CA3 function. In contrast, CA1 becomes involved when memories for events must be held or sequenced over long intervals. Thus, CA3 and CA1 are both involved in memory for sequential nonspatial events that compose unique experiences, and these areas play different roles that are distinguished by the duration of time that must be bridged between key events.”
“Increased

expression of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) by stable transfection appeared to attenuate paclitaxel-induced apoptotic cell death in human glioblastoma U87MG cells. The present results suggest that selleck the apoptotic functions of p53 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (INK) are affected by FPPS. Farnesyl diphosphate, a catalytic product of FPPS, also attenuated mentioned paclitaxel-induced apoptotic cell death. As expected, the FPPS inhibitor, pamidronate, enhanced paclitaxel-induced apoptotic cell death. The present results suggest that FPPS plays an important role in apoptotic cell death of cancer cells by blocking the INK signaling cascade and activating mevalonate metabolism in paclitaxel-treated glioblastoma cells. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Cannabinoid CB1

receptor is abundantly expressed throughout the CNS and is implicated in numerous physiological and behavioral functions, including appetite and feeding. In the present study, wild-type and CB1 heterozygous and homozygous knockout mice were tested on an instrumental Thymidylate synthase outcome-selective devaluation task to assess changes in acquired instrumental response levels for a distinct food reward following selective satiation. Deletion of CB1 receptor, as well as reduction in CB1 expression (HET), produced deficits in outcome-selective instrumental devaluation. These results identify a critical role for CB1 receptor in the ability of animals to represent, update, and/or use sensory-specific outcome representations to alter appetitive behaviors.”
“BACKGROUND

The ability of short-acting insulin secretagogues to reduce the risk of diabetes or cardiovascular events in people with impaired glucose tolerance is unknown.