BIS, Richmond

Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS), electromyography, and heart rate variability, as a test of autonomic function, were measured for 45 minutes during daily SATs. Data were evaluated with analysis of variance, linear regression, and nonparametric tests.

Results: The BIS wave form coincided almost exactly with propofol on/off. Steady-state BIS correlated with RASS (p < 0.0001) and with propofol dose (p < 0.0001), but the strengths of association were relatively low (all r(2) < 0.5). BIS wave form was not altered by age, heart rate, or heart rate variability and was similar with propofol alone or propofol plus midazolam, but the presence of brain injury or the use of paralytics shifted the curve downward (both p < 0.001). The overall test characteristics for BIS versus RASS without neuromuscular blockade were sensitivity: 90% versus 77% (p = 0.034); specificity: 90% versus 75% (p = 0.021); positive predictive selleck kinase inhibitor value: 90% versus 76% (p = 0.021), and negative predictive value: 90% versus 76% (p = 0.021).

Conclusions: In the first trial in trauma patients and largest trial in any surgical population, the (1) BIS was reliable and has advantages over RASS of being continuous and objective, at least during a propofol SAT; (2) BIS interpretation remains somewhat subjective in patients receiving paralytic agents or with traumatic brain injury.”
“Conversion of synthesis gas (CO and H-2)

to ethanol can be an alternative, promising technology to produce biofuels from renewable biomass. To distinguish microbial utilization of carbon source between fructose and synthesis gas PXD101 manufacturer CO and to evaluate biological production of ethanol from CO, we adopted the C-13-enrichment of the CO substrate and hypothesized that the residual increase in delta C-13

of the cell biomass would reflect the increased contribution of C-13-enriched CO. Addition of synthesis gas to live culture medium for ethanol fermentation by Clostridum ljungdahlii increased the microbial growth and ethanol production. Despite the high C-13-enrichment in CO (99 atom % C-13), however, microbial delta C-13 increased relatively small compared to the microbial growth. The uptake efficiency of CO estimated using the isotope mass balance equation was also very low: 0.0014 % for the low CO and 0.0016 selleck chemicals % for the high CO treatment. Furthermore, the fast production of ethanol in the early stage indicated that the presence of sugar in fermentation medium would limit the utilization of CO as a carbon source by C. ljungdahlii.”
“Objective: To investigate the impact of age at diagnosis and age at onset of intervention on language outcomes in children with hearing impairments.

Methods: Receptive and expressive language outcomes of a sample of 63 children (mean age 5;1 years) with hearing loss (mean 78 dB, SD 25.3) enrolled in the only specific early intervention program in Upper Austria were assessed.