Fructose on the other hand was the hexose that remained in the medium at the end of fermentations especially when using mature sugarcane. There was an increasing trend in ethanol production as a function of DAP (days after planting) as expected, however a plateau was reached after 225 DAP and the maximum value obtained was between 300 and 325 DAP. The NA56 cane Cilengitide concentration variety is usually harvested

around 350 DAP for commercial sugar production. Hence a difference of approximately 25 days less in the field might be needed for maximum ethanol production. On the other hand, it was clear from the data that cane harvesting for ethanol production should not be done after the recommended DAP for commercial sugar production. If this is done, the excess fructose

present will not be completely utilized by yeast. Finally it was found that yeasts showing more affinity to sugarcane fibers showed PERK inhibitor better ethanol yields in all the DAP interval. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Host records on the weevil family Apionidae in New Caledonia are summarised, based on field observations in 2004-2010, and supplemented with dates of collecting freshly emerged adult specimens obtained from museum collections worldwide. At the genus level, the following generalised host associations of the Apionidae have been documented: Rhadinocyba (only the Rh. singularis-species group), Megatracheloides and Himantapion with Hibbertia (Dilleniaceae); Discelapion, Thyridapion and Pterapion (s. str.) with Pycnandra, Planchonella,

and Beccariella 3-Methyladenine supplier (Sapotaceae); Apterapion with Codia (Cunoniaceae); Hellerenius and Caledonapion with Hedycarya (Monimiaceae); Anapotapion with Piper and Macropiper (Piperaceae), Sterculapion with Commersonia (Malvaceae). Various species of Tetrapion were collected either from Codia (Cunoniaceae) or Guioa, Cupaniopsis ( Sapindaceae). Recorded associations of Diapion with Ficus (Moraceae), and Zimmius with Cryptocarya (Lauraceae) still need confirmation. Two generations per season are likely in members of at least Rhadinocyba, Megatracheloides, and Pterapion, judging from the extended period of appearance of teneral specimens. The subgenus Apterapion Wanat, 2001 of Pterapion Faust, 1889 is raised to genus rank, with type-species Apterapion hamiota (Wanat, 2001).”
“Studies of animals often report a greater sensitivity of one sex to poor rearing environments. However, it is unclear whether size differences associated with sex, sex itself, or other factors are responsible for differences in performance. While the greater nutritional requirement of the larger sex is a plausible explanation for increased sensitivity (i.e., size-dependent vulnerability), other hypotheses suggest that size-independent traits may have effects on the fitness of offspring (i.e., sex-dependent vulnerability).