Genospecies-specific primers were used in the PCR for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii and B. garinii.\n\nResults: Infection rates with Borrelia spp. were significantly lower at Fjelloyvaer and Strom compared to Tjore and Hinnebu; Fjelloyvaer vs. Tjore (chi(2) = 20.27, p < 0.0001); Fjelloyvaer vs. Hinnebu (chi(2) = 24.04, p < 0.0001); Strom vs. Tjore (chi(2) = 11.47, p = 0.0007) and Strom vs. Hinnebu (chi(2) = 16.63,

p < 0.0001). The Borrelia genospecies were dominated by. B. afzelii (82%) followed by B. garinii (9.7%) and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (6.9%). B. burgdorferi s.s. was only found on the island of Jomfruland. The infection rate of Anaplasma phagocytophilum showed the following figures; Fjelloyvaer vs Hinnebu (chi(2) = 16.27, p = 0.0001); Strom vs. Tjore (chi(2) = 13.16, p = 0.0003); Strom vs. AR-13324 chemical structure Hinnebu (chi(2) = 34.71, p < 0.0001); Fjelloyvaer vs. Tjore (chi(2)= 3.19, p = 0.0742) and Fjelloyvaer vs. Stom (chi(2) = 5.06, p = 0.0245). Wild cervids may serve as

a reservoir for A. phagocytophilum. Jomfruland, with no wild cervids but high levels of migrating birds and rodents, harboured both B. burgdorferi s.l. and A. phagocytophilum in questing I. ricinus ticks. Birds and rodents may play an important click here role in maintaining the pathogens on Jomfruland.\n\nConclusion: The high abundance of roe deer and red deer on the Norwegian islands of Fjelloyvaer and Strom may reduce the infection rate of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in host seeking Ixodes ricinus, in contrast to mainland

sites at Hinnebu and Tjore with moderate abundance of wild cervids. The infection rate of Anaplasma phagocytophilum showed the opposite result with selleckchem a high prevalence in questing ticks in localities with a high density of wild cervids compared to localities with lower density.”
“Cooperative intervehicular applications rely on the periodic exchange of broadcast single-hop status messages among vehicles, which are called beacons. The aggregated load on a wireless channel due to beacons can prevent the transmission of other types of messages, which is called channel congestion due to beaconing activity. In this paper, we propose a novel statistical approach to transmit power control (TPC) for beaconing congestion control, which is called statistical beaconing congestion control (SBCC). Unlike previous proposals, SBCC uses local information and very limited feedback, and its implementation is simple. Each vehicle locally computes the power needed to comply with a given maximum beacon load as a function of estimated channel parameters, vehicle density, and beaconing rate. A realistic Nakagami-mfading and path-loss propagation model is assumed. We provide a final expression of the algorithm as a linear proportional controller, with two variants, i.e., channel-busy-time-(CBT) based SBCC (SBCC-C) and neighbor-based SBCC (SBCC-N), depending on how the parameters are estimated.