Nonetheless, current

views of MS pathogenesis remain focused on the role of myelin-specific autoimmunity, and the potential contribution of autoimmune responses to axonal and neuronal antigens is ignored. Drawing on experience gained from work with other neurodegenerative diseases, we hypothesize that autoimmunity, particularly pathogenic antibodies to neuronal and axonal antigens, plays a significant role in the development CB-5083 mw of axonal pathology in MS. This concept offers a new perspective of disease pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches to prevent irreversible axonal loss and chronic disability in MS.”
“BACKGROUND: Stenting for symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease is a therapeutic option in patients in whom medical therapy fails.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the periprocedural complication rates and mid-term restenosis rates in patients treated with balloon-expandable stents (BESs) compared

with self-expanding stents (SESs).

METHODS: A retrospective review of consecutive patients treated with intracranial stents at 5 institutions was performed. Predictors of 30-day stroke and death as well as mid-term GW-572016 cell line restenosis rates were analyzed.

RESULTS: A total of 670 lesions were treated in 637 patients with a mean age of 57 6 13 years. A total of 454 lesions (68%) were treated with BESs and 216 lesions (32%) with SESs. The overall 30-day periprocedural complication rate was 6.1%, without any difference noted between the 2 groups. Patients treated within 24 hours of the index event were significantly more likely to have experienced a periprocedural complication (odds ratio [OR], 4.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]: oxyclozanide 1.7-6.7; P < .007), whereas focal lesions were less likely to have a complication (OR, 0.31; 95% CI: 0.13-0.72; P < .001). Midterm restenosis was less likely in patients with a lower percentage of posttreatment stenosis (OR, 0.97; 95% CI: 0.95-0.99; P <

.006), which was more common in BES-treated patients and focal concentric lesions (OR, 0.33; 95% CI: 0.23-0.55; P < .0001).

CONCLUSION: BESs have periprocedural complication rates similar to those of SESs. Less posttreatment stenosis was associated with lower rates of mid-term restenosis. Future randomized trials comparing BESs and SESs may help to identify the stent type that is safest and most durable.”
“Recent studies indicate that TNF (tumor necrosis factor) receptor signalling is a key player in HIV infection. HIV proteins have been shown to target TNF receptor signalling, leading both to apoptosis of uninfected bystander T cells and to sustained viral replication in infected T cells and macrophages. This article proposes a model that highlights the role of HIV proteins in the modulation of TNF receptor signalling and could explain both immune suppression and the formation of viral reservoirs during HIV infection.”
“BACKGROUND: Radiosurgery is the main alternative to microsurgical resection for benign meningiomas.