Perceptions of travel distance and straight-line distance seem to be based on different information kinds and to refer to different animal-environment relations. In identifying neural mechanisms supportive of navigation,

straight-line distance versus travelled distance may prove to be a productive distinction. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“To determine the role of untranslated regions (UTRs) in replication and pathogenesis of Newcastle disease BAY 63-2521 molecular weight virus (NDV), we generated recombinant viruses with deletions in 5′ and 3′ UTRs of the HN mRNA. Deletion of any HN UTR did not noticeably affect in vitro replication of these viruses. However, complete deletion of the 5′ UTR of the HN gene decreased the HN mRNA levels and HN protein contents in virus particles, resulting in attenuation of the virus in chickens. This indicates that the 5′ UTR of HN mRNA plays an important role in replication and pathogenicity of NDV in vivo.”
“Neurotransmitter

ligand binding in blood cells was assessed in borderline personality disorder (BDP) patients, testing see more the possibility that different biochemical endophenotypes might lie beneath a specific clinical presentation. The density of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBR) and serotonin transporters were assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and platelets, respectively, showing a decrease of both parameters. Moreover, a further significant decrease of PBR in PBMC was shown for those patients with a depressive trait. Further confirmation of the presence of different molecular endophenotypes underlying the dissimilar clinical presentations in BPD may advance our possibility of successfully treating these patients. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Mutant influenza virus that lacks the transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail domains of M2 (M2 knockout [M2KO]) is attenuated in both cell culture and mice. Here, we examined

the potency of M2KO influenza virus as a live attenuated influenza C646 vaccine. M2KO virus grew as efficiently as the wild-type virus in cells stably expressing the wild-type M2, indicating the feasibility of efficient vaccine production. Mice intranasally vaccinated with M2KO virus developed protective immune responses and survived a lethal challenge with the wild-type virus, suggesting that the M2KO virus has potential as a live attenuated vaccine.”
“Hippocampal atrophy is the key marker in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is associated with white matter (WM) disruption. This type of WM disruption could partly explain AD-related pathology. However, relatively little attention has been directed toward WM disruption which may be independent of these fundamental gray matter (GM) changes in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) which is associated with high risk of AD.