Within a 3-week interval, 26 healthy mate students classified with an insecure Tozasertib attachment pattern were invited twice to an experimental session. At the beginning of each experiment, a single dose of oxytocin or placebo was administered

intranasally, using a double-blind, placebo-controlled within-subject design. In both conditions, subjects completed an attachment task based on the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System (AAP). Thirty-two AAP picture system presentations depicted attachment-related events (e.g. illness, solitude, separation, and loss), and were each accompanied by four prototypical phrases representing one secure and three insecure attachment categories. In the oxytocin condition, a significant proportion of these insecure subjects (N = 18; 69%) increased in their rankings of the AAP prototypical “”secure

attachment”" phrases and decreased in overall ranking of the “”insecure attachment”" phrases. In particular, there was a significant decrease in the number of subjects ranking the pictures with “”insecure-preoccupied”" phrases from the placebo check details to the oxytocin condition. We find that a single dose of intranasally administered oxytocin is sufficient to induce a significant increase in the experience of attachment security in insecurely attached adults. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The input synapses of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) have been extensively studied and much has been learned about their dynamics, plasticity and functionality. In contrast there is limited information available about PC output synapses. This study uses ADP ribosylation factor dual cell recording methods to investigate synaptic dynamics and plasticity at individual PC synapses onto neighboring PCs in in vitro preparations of the mormyrid cerebellum. This synaptic connectivity may be strong or weak. For strong connections, inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) or currents (IPSCs) are synchronized with the action potentials

of the presynaptic cell. For weak connections, however, the pre- and postsynaptic potentials are no longer synchronized, and presynaptic burst firing at intraburst rates of similar to 50 Hz or higher is required to reliably induce the postsynaptic inhibition. A depression of this postsynaptic inhibition was observed for both types of connectivity following repeated presynaptic bursts, which was subsequently largely reversed following pairings of the presynaptic burst-induced IPSPs/IPSCs with evoked burst firing of the postsynaptic cell. Moreover, the original postsynaptic depression was found to be either augmented or reversed depending on the temporal order of each pair of additional pre- and postsynaptic cell activations, hence demonstrating a reversible and spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) at this synapse. (C) 2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd.