Arabidopsis gem1 mutants lack the male germline as a result of di

Arabidopsis gem1 mutants lack the male germline as a result of disturbed microspore polarity, division asymmetry,

and cytokinesis and represent loss-of-function mutants in MOR1/GEM1, a plant orthologue of the conserved MAP215/Dis1 Givinostat inhibitor microtubule associated protein (MAP) family. This provides genetic evidence for the role of MAP215/Dis1 in the organization of gametophytic microtubule arrays, but it has remained unknown how microtubule arrays are affected in gem1 mutant microspores. Here, novel male gametophytic microtubule-reporter Nicotiana tabacum plants were constructed, expressing a green fluorescent protein-alpha-TUBULIN fusion protein (GFP-TUA6) under the control of a microspore-specific promoter. These plants allow effective visualization of all major male gametophytic microtubule arrays and provide useful tools to study the regulation of microtubule arrays by MAPs and other effectors. Depletion of TMBP200, a tobacco homologue of MOR1/GEM1 in gametophytic microtubule-reporter plants using microspore-targeted RNA interference, induced defects in microspore polarity, division asymmetry and cytokinesis that were associated with striking defects in phragmoplast position, orientation, and structure. Our observations Z-VAD-FMK concentration further reveal a requirement for TMBP200 in gametophytic spindle organization and a novel role in spindle position and orientation in polarized microspores.

These results provide direct evidence for the function of MAP215/Dis1 family protein TMBP200 in the organization of microtubule arrays critical for male germline formation in plants.”
“Study Design. Retrospective chart review of prospectively

collected data from 2 nonrandomized, nonconcurrent cohorts.

Objective. Early results of 2 lumbar interbody fusion procedures-open posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) and minimally invasive (extreme lateral interbody fusion [XLIF])-were compared in octogenarians to demonstrate the safety of each in the extreme elderly populations.

Summary of Background selleck compound Data. Although spinal pathologies are common in the elderly patients, additional health conditions often preclude operative treatment because anesthesia, blood loss, and recovery are too demanding. Minimally invasive approaches reduce procedure-related morbidity and recovery time.

Methods. In our single-site prospective series of XLIF patients, 40 were identified as those aged >= 80 years with a minimum of 3-month follow-up. A complete, retrospective review of surgical patients treated in the same practice with traditional open posterior (PLIF) approach found 20 patients aged >= 80 years. Comparisons were made between groups to identify differences in morbidity and mortality rates.

Results. No clinically significant differences in demographics, diagnoses, or comorbidities were found between groups.

Comments are closed.